Introduction à la théorie de Galois (Coursera)

Introduction à la théorie de Galois (Coursera)

Le cours expose la théorie de Galois, du classique critère de non-résolubilité des équations polynomiales aux méthodes plus avancées de calcul de groupes de Galois par réduction modulo un nombre premier. Le thème général de cette théorie est l'étude des racines d'un polynôme et concerne en particulier la possibilité de les exprimer à partir des coefficients de ce polynôme. Evariste Galois considère les symétries de ces racines et associe ainsi à ce polynôme un groupe de permutations de ses racines, que l'on appelle maintenant son groupe de Galois.

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Il dégage à cette occasion pour la première fois, dans ce cadre, la notion de groupe, maintenant omniprésente en mathématiques. Son étude lui permet d'expliquer pourquoi les racines d'une équation prise au hasard ne s'expriment en général pas par des formules algébriques faisant intervenir ses coefficients à partir du degré 5, un résultat démontré auparavant par Abel. Plus généralement, l'étude du groupe de Galois du polynôme permet de dire exactement quand une telle formule existe. C'est ce que l'on appelle la correspondance de Galois : elle relie d'une part la théorie des corps, d'autre part la théorie des groupes.
Ce cours expliquera cette théorie en n'utilisant que des résultats de base d'algèbre linéaire. Nous étudierons d'un côté la théorie des corps, c'est-à-dire la façon dont les corps s'emboîtent les uns dans les autres, en introduisant la notion de nombre algébrique (essentiellement les racines de polynômes). D'un autre côté, nous introduirons les éléments nécessaires à l'étude des groupes de permutations. Cela nous permettra d'expliquer la théorie de Galois, non seulement dans son cadre d'origine, c'est-à-dire quand les coefficients du polynôme sont des nombres entiers, mais aussi dans un cadre plus général, par exemple lorsqu'on réduit ces coefficients modulo un nombre premier p.
Le cours culminera avec une comparaison des groupes de Galois dans ces deux situations (« entière » et après réduction modulo p), fournissant ainsi un outil de calcul puissant de ces groupes.
Ce cours est l'occasion d'aborder des notions d'algèbre variées, essentielles dans de nombreux domaines des mathématiques, de manière très simple pour très rapidement aboutir à des résultats tout à fait remarquables. Nous n'avons pas cherché la généralité maximale mais au contraire à aller rapidement à l'essentiel en utilisant le minimum de formalisme abstrait. Le MOOCueur intéressé sera alors armé pour aller plus loin, notamment grâce à la bibliographie ou à des cours plus avancés.

Syllabus

WEEK 1
Introduction
description du problème et quelques résultats sur les polynômes d'une variable comme échauffement

WEEK 2
Extensions de corps
algébricité, corps algébriquement clos, lemme de l'élément primitif

WEEK 3
Polynôme minimal
éléments conjugués

WEEK 4
Corps fini
Frobenius, automorphismes, extensions de corps finis

WEEK 5
Théorie des groupes I
résultats de base, ordre d’un élément, théorème de Lagrange

WEEK 6
Correspondance de Galois
lemme d'Artin, groupes de Galois, correspondance de Galois

WEEK 7
Théorie des groupes II
groupes résolubles, non résolubilité du groupe symétrique Sn pour n plus grand ou égal à 5

WEEK 8
Cyclotomie I
extension cyclotomique générale, théorie de Kummer

WEEK 9
Théorèmes de résolubilité de Galois
critère de résolubilité, théorème de Galois en degré p

WEEK 10
Réduction mod p
groupes de Galois de polynômes à coefficients entiers par réduction modulo p

WEEK 11
Compléments
Cyclotomie sur Q (grâce à la réduction modulo p) et autres applications.

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