Dopage : Sports, Organisations et Sciences (Coursera)

Dopage : Sports, Organisations et Sciences (Coursera)

L'objectif du cours est de permettre une compréhension distanciée du dopage. C’est pour atteindre cet objectif que le cours s’appuie sur une approche pluridisciplinaire qui constitue une opportunité d'observer comment diverses disciplines abordent un même objet, selon différents angles et de manière complémentaire. Il s'agit également de donner des repères permettant d'appréhender le dopage dans sa complexité.

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Le dopage dans le sport est une pratique complexe dont la définition et l'identification renvoient à la construction sociale et historique de normes.
Le cours propose une clarification des processus qui ont conduit à l'usage et la prohibition des produits dopants. L'amélioration des performances ou les transformations des apparences sont deux aspects du dopage qui dérangent alors que pourtant les sociétés vantent les mérites de "l'amélioration" du corps et que les marchés du "human enhancement" prospèrent. Ces apparentes contradictions seront analysées en montrant que, au-delà des questions sanitaires, le dopage est au croisement de multiples enjeux sociaux, scientifiques ou encore juridiques.
Pour y faire face, les autorités sportives et étatiques ont contribué à la mise en place d’institutions en charge de l'identification du dopage, de politiques de prévention, de répression et de recherche. Les dispositifs biologiques de contrôle comme le passeport biologique, les dimensions juridiques qui fondent la lutte contre le dopage, les organisations de production de la performance, comme les dimensions sociologiques du dopage seront abordés par ce cours.
Objectifs pédagogiques principaux :
A la fin de ce cours les participants seront capables de:

  1. Identifier la dimension « culturelle » du dopage, c’est-à-dire comme pratique qui a une histoire en lien avec la transformation de normes sociales
  2. Passer d’un mode de raisonnement binaire sur le dopage, pour ou contre, à la compréhension de la complexité d’un phénomène à la fois biologique, psychologique et sociologique
  3. Reconnaître les institutions, les acteurs et les pratiques de lutte contre le dopage
  4. Expliquer comment le contexte social et organisationnel pèse sur les décisions des individus et comment il peut être réduit par des mesures de prévention.
  5. Identifier comment fonctionne la lutte contre le dopage et les procédures de contrôle

Syllabus

WEEK 1
Identification et définition du dopage
Le premier module porte sur l’identification et la définition du dopage. Il propose une approche critique et distanciée en s’appuyant sur les sciences sociales. Il permet de comprendre le dopage comme une norme sociale de production des performances sportives. L’historique du dopage et sa définition actuelle selon les normes juridiques de l’Agence Mondiale Antidopage (AMA) y sont abordés.

WEEK 2
Pourquoi les sportifs se dopent-ils ?
Le module 2 vise à comprendre ce qui peut conduire des individus ordinaires à prendre des produits dopants. L’analyse des processus qui conduisent au dopage est abordée à travers les facteurs sociaux et psycho-sociaux du dopage, ainsi que le rôle de la culture et des organisations sportives. Ce module inclut un entretien avec Denis Hauw, Professeur à l’Institut des Sciences du Sport de l’Université de Lausanne et spécialiste en psychologie du sport.

WEEK 3
Les organisations face au dopage
Le module 3 propose de mieux connaître le rôle des organisations sportives dans la lutte contre le dopage, à partir de deux exemples, celui de l’Union européenne des associations de football (UEFA) et de l’UCI (Union cycliste internationale). Ce module traite également du rôle des organisations spécialisées en charge de la lutte contre le dopage en présentant deux acteurs majeurs l’AMA (l’Agence mondiale antidopage) et le TAS (Tribunal arbitral du sport), dont une partie des activités porte sur le dopage. La présentation de ces organisations se fait par le biais de 4 entretiens avec :- Frédéric Donzé, Directeur du Bureau européen de l’AMA ; -Marc Vouillamoz, Responsable de l’unité médicale et antidopage de l’UEFA ; -Matthieu Reeb, Secrétaire Général du TAS ; -Olivier Aubel, Maître d'enseignement et de recherche à l’Institut des Sciences du Sport de l’Université de Lausanne qui présente des nouveaux dispositifs proposés à l’UCI pour prévenir le dopage dans le cyclisme.

WEEK 4
Les approches bioanalytiques et forensiques du dopage
Le module 4 présente les moyens d’analyse et de détection des substances dopantes par l’utilisation d’approches bioanalytiques et forensiques. Il est composé de 4 entretiens réalisés avec les spécialistes du dopage du Laboratoire suisse d’analyse du dopage (LAD) à Lausanne (Suisse) qui proposent de vous expliquer : - le déroulement des bioanalyses (Norbert Baume, responsable scientifique du LAD); - le passeport biologique (Neil Robinson, responsable scientifique du LAD); - l’approche forensique du dopage (François Marclay, chercheur au LAD); - les résultats d’analyse atypiques et des évolutions futures de la lutte contre le dopage (Martial Saugy, directeur du LAD).

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